Report Highlights: Gunshots produce sounds that vary in volume depending on many factors. On average, gunshots are louder than safe levels.
- Gunshots range from 140 to 180 decibels.
- Under the right conditions, gunshots can be heard from one to two miles away.
- Visual and audial cues are instructive for determining whether a sound is a gunshot or a firework.
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Methodology
All data in this article were compiled through review of academic literature, peer-reviewed studies, and industry testing. Decibel (dB) figures represent peak sound pressure level (the loudest point), and were drawn from multiple sources and cross-referenced for accuracy. Industry sources, including suppressor manufacturers, were used where academic data were unavailable.
Measurements, positions, equipment, methodologies, and atmospheric conditions varied across studies, which accounts for differences in reporting across calibers, cartridges, and firearm types. Barrel length is noted where applicable, as it affects reported sound levels.
Distance figures reflect general estimates based on literature and informal tests. The inverse-square law is a theoretical model applied to empirical gunshot data and assumes ideal open-air conditions for sound travel. Real-world results may vary.
How Many Decibels Is a Gunshot?
The sound pressure level of an unsuppressed gunshot ranges from 140 dB to 180 dB depending on sound collection methods, measurement equipment, cartridge, barrel length, atmospheric conditions, and other factors. A .22 LR typically produces the quietest gunshot (around 140 dB), while some reports suggest that .50 BMG is the loudest (up to 180 dB).1, 2, 3, 4, 5
The typical range of a gunshot across academic literature and testing is 150 to 170 dB. The vast majority of modern firearms fall within this range at peak sound pressure level.
Gunshot Decibels by Caliber
On average, handguns produce 157.5 dB. Centerfire rifles average around 160 dB; shotguns, just over 150 dB.2
How Many Decibels Are Handguns?
Pistol cartridges range in sound level from 152 to 169 dB. According to studies and literature, the .32 Long has the quietest report (152.4 dB), followed by .32 ACP (153.5 dB). The .357 Magnum has the loudest sound (up to 169 dB).2, 3, 4, 5
How Many Decibels Are Rifles?
Rimfire and centerfire rifle cartridges range from 140 to 163.6 dB. The .22 LR has the quietest report (around 140 dB), while common hunting rifles range from 159 dB (.308 Winchester) to 163.6 dB (.30-06 Springfield).2, 3, 4, 5
At the extreme end, a 7mm Rem Mag rifle outfitted with a Browning Ballistic Optimizing Shooting System (BOSS) device recorded 166.5 dB. The BOSS is a muzzle brake and compensator which is known to increase the report at the shooter’s ear, compared to a barrel without a muzzle device. Other reports claim that .50 BMG reaches 180 dB, though this figure has not been independently verified in peer-reviewed literature.
How Many Decibels Are Shotguns?
Shotgun shells, including the .410 Bore, range from 150 to 161.5 dB depending on barrel length.2, 3, 4, 5
The smaller .410 Bore ranges from 150 (28" barrel) to 156.3 dB (18.5" barrel), while the 20 Gauge ranges from 152.5 (28" barrel) to 154.75 dB (22" barrel). 12 Gauge shotguns have the loudest reports of the options listed, ranging from 151.5 (28" barrel) to 161.5 dB (18.5" barrel).
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